راهنمای رفرنسدهی انگلیسی

The protocol indicates what method a Web browser (or other type of Inteet software) should use to exchange data with the file server on which the desired document resides. The protocols recognized by most browsers are hypertext transfer protocol (http), hypertext transfer protocol secure (https), and file transfer protocol (ftp); other Inteet protocols include telnet and gopher. In a URL, all of the protocols listed in this paragraph should be followed by a colon and two forward slashes (e.g., http ://).

The host name identifies the server on which the files reside. On the Web, it is often the address for an organization's home page (e.g., http://www.apa.org is the address for APA's home page). Although most host names start with "www," not all do (for example, http://jouals.apa.org is the home page for APA's electronic jouals, and http://members.apa.org is the entry page to the members-only portion of the APA site). The host name is not case sensitive; for consistency and ease of reading, always type it in lowercase letters.

The rest of the address indicates the directory path leading to the desired document. This part of the URL is case sensitive; faithfully reproduce uppercase and lowercase letters and all punctuation. It is important to provide the directory path, and not just the host name, because home pages and menu pages typically consist mainly of links, only one of which may be to the document or information you want the readers to find. If there are hundreds of links (or even just 10 to 20), readers may give up in frustration before they have located the material you are citing.

If you are using a word-processing program, the easiest way to transcribe a URL correctly is to copy it directly from the address window in your browser and paste it into your paper (make sure the automatic hyphenation feature of your word processor is tued off). Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines; instead, break the URL after a slash or before a period.

Test the URLs in your references regularly when you first draft a paper, when you submit it for peer review, when you're preparing the final version for publication, and when you're reviewing the proofs. If the document you are citing has moved, update the URL so that it points to the correct location. If the document is no longer available, you may want to substitute another source (e.g., if you originally cited a draft and a formally published version now exists) or drop it from the paper altogether.

Electronic Media and URLs
Electronic Media Spelling Guide
General Forms for Electronic References
Reference Examples for Electronic Source Materials
Citations in Text of Electronic Material

lectronic Media Spelling Guide
As indicated in the 5th edition of the Publication Manual, dictionaries is not the best guide to spelling in the electronic world.

This is an extremely fast moving environment and common usage develops quickly, leaving print resources easily bypassed.

The APA Style site will attempt to be more responsive. Below is a list of common terms and their current (as of 2001) preferred spelling.

• database
• DOI
• e-joual
• e-mail
• FTP
• Inteet
• LISTSERV* (tm) -- the generic term is electronic mailing list
• online
• PDF
• SGML
• URL
• Web

*LISTSERV is a trademarked, proprietary term; unless you know that is what is being used, you should use "electronic mailing list" rather than the, admittedly, more commonly used "list server."

General Form for Electronic References

From the 5th Edition of the Publication Manual (© 2001)
Note: Some elements of the 5th edition's style guidelines for electronic resources differ from previously published guidelines.

Electronic sources include aggregated databases, online jouals, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, Web- or e-mail-based discussion groups, and Web- or e-mail-based newsletters.

Online periodical:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx.
Retrieved month day, year, from source.

Online document:

Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work.
Retrieved month day, year, from source.

Reference Examples for Electronic Source Materials

Note: This material is extracted from the 5th edition of APA's Publication Manual (© 2001).

Inteet articles based on a print source
Article in an Inteet-only joual
Article in an Inteet-only newsletter
Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date
Document available on university program or department Web site
Electronic copy of a joual article, three to five authors, retrieved from database

Periodicals

71. Inteet articles based on a print source

At present, the majority of the articles retrieved from online publications in psychology and the behavioral sciences are exact duplicates of those in their print versions and are unlikely to have additional analyses and data attached. This is likely to change in the future. In the meantime, the same basic primary joual reference (see Examples 15) can be used, but if you have viewed the article only in its electronic form, you should add in brackets after the article title "Electronic version" as in the following fictitious example:

If you are referencing an online article that you have reason to believe has been changed (e.g., the format differs from the print version or page numbers are not indicated) or that includes additional data or commentaries, you will need to add the date you retrieved the document and the URL.

72. Article in an Inteet-only joual

74. Article in an Inteet-only newsletter

• Use the complete publication date given on the article.
• Note that there are no page numbers.
• In an Inteet periodical, volume and issue numbers often are not relevant. If they are not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference.
• Whenever possible, the URL should link directly to the article.
• Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Do not insert (or allow your word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at the break.

No periodical documents on the Inteet

77. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date

• If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document.

78. Document available on university program or department Web site

• If a document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for a university or a govement agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.

Other Electronic Sources

88. Electronic copy of a joual article, three to five authors, retrieved from database

• When referencing material obtained by searching an aggregated database, follow the format appropriate to the work retrieved and add a retrieval statement that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database.

Citations in Text of Electronic Material

The following is excerpted from the 5th edition of the Publication Manual (© 2001). Some elements of the fifth edition's style guidelines for electronic resources differ from previously published guidelines.

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text. Always give page numbers for quotations (see section 3.34). Note that the words page and chapter are abbreviated in such text citations:

(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)
(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)

For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, proceeded by the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material (see section 3.39).

(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

موضوعات مرتبط: زبان تخصصی
برچسبها: رفرنسدهی انگلیسی سلامت در کاربرد فناوری...